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Wojciech Jerzy Has - outsider in Wonderland (part 1) Pier Paolo Pasolini

Wojciech Jerzy Has been one of the few surrealists in the history of Polish cinema, though few of his paintings include surrealistic cinema in the strict sense. All of his feature films are adaptations of literature, and there is no doubt that the author made the art of extreme. Anyway, we used to say that his literary imagination even devoured prototypes. He wrote a personal movie theater, and secluded, in spite of all fashionable trends and currents. Philosophical and existential, painting and poetry, suspended between sleep and wakefulness. And even if the key word for what some of his titles was "realism," Has the raw portrayal of reality is never limited. Because his specialty was the mythologized.

PART I: PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CINEMA (1957-1962), and not just

April Fools' Born in 1925, the period of childhood remembered as a period of misery, war as a constant terror, and the time of communist regime as an eternal struggle with the windmills. At the end of life, forgotten and ill, even said he regrets that he chose the way the filmmaker. In other words, Has been the type pessimist, which has left a very a clear imprint on his work. But, as stated Tadeusz Sobolewski, the cinema is a "pessimism attractive" - \u200b\u200bformally beautiful, full of all sorts of wonders. During the war he studied at zakonspirowanej Academy of Fine Arts, where he continued his education after the war. Never, however, did not graduate, though apparently delighted with the work of the teachers offered to continue his studies in Paris. At the same time dokształcał on Film Preparatory Course, where he is also, among others George Kawalerowicz . Interestingly, initially wanted to deal with creating animations, being impressed by tales from the stable of Disney. This changed when he joined the Warsaw Documentary Film Studio. There, however, soon got into a conflict with his szefostwem. Was transferred to the Educational Film Studio in Lodz, but there was not without problems. Later, in times of films, used to move from one team to another film. Has had a difficult journey because of his character, his inability to adapt, a reluctance to opportunism. And the country's economic situation, as some drafts, running without interruption - he had to say Tadeusz Konwicki .

For the first ten-year career making movies and documentaries teaching, although he started from the track feature. It was, was founded in 1947, ten-minute "Harmony" . The film consists of elements that will create even his last images. Until you can attempt to claim that from the beginning had its own style of carefully thought out, and each of the next title is nothing like his consistent development. Here's the main character is typical of the Hasa outcast, in this case the poor boy who dreams of buying the title instrument. To possess it decides to steal the money stern father. A key sequence - clearly indicating what Hasa are most interested in the arts - is a dream sequence, which suddenly becomes a nightmare, the man turns into a cruel reality. Angry father boy beats and harmony thrown out the window, which leads to its destruction. Broken hero collects the remains of a puddle and runs away from home. This ending is quite ambiguous - a sad tale of a dying boy's gloom is illustrated pathetic music. The hero seems to be a loser, but Has glorifies his rebellion. In any event, the film - in which even the fragments show the gray reality looks unusually, because of the clear inspiration German Expressionism - was stopped by the censors. He was too far to cultivate the idea of \u200b\u200bcommunism.

Squeezing the magic realism of everyday life quickly became a hallmark of Hasa. From the beginning he did it through (even slight) blurring the boundaries between sleep and wakefulness, the slow pace of the narrative and attention to artistic side - from the fantastic scenery to paint compositions of the frame. Missing, only the flood of literature, but often witty, dialogue, because they appear 10 years later in a full-length debut. Already in the "Harmony" appears to be a characteristic of how Has the lumber-room. That is a mysterious place filled to the brim for many different things, not necessarily everyday. Interestingly, apparently just so they looked for apartments, in which he lived Has. will never forget the peace, which I shared with Wojtek (...) as a man with a rich imagination, made sure that our room has not changed in the usual room, and every move brought a new exhibit. When otwierałeś front door, threw himself in the eyes of a large sign in Russian "nyet min - Sasha," with a red triangles. Next door, where he entered the wall of the pipe from the iron stove, was the inscription "Rula". The lamp hung a large blue sign that Wojtek przytachał once the gas having been - "Stop 6 horse carriages." Modest "Do not tread on grass," stood in the corner. Whoever enters into this room, poczytywał itself the honor to contribute some fancy props to his glory - recalled years later documentary Natan Gross .

"My City"

That same year, together with Stanislaw Rozewicz shot to order documentary "Street Brzozowa" . Only that was supposed to be a typical product of propaganda, showing the brave people happily rebuilding Warsaw. And this time, after two minutes of a friendly introduction, the camera suddenly enter the street completely destroyed, and portrays the title its people - the poor people living in the rubble. We see a girl chasing after the ruins, lonely grandmas eating rotten apple or mother of a boy forced to live in the basement. These images are not clearly pessimistic in spite of appearances, and any bitterness permanently neutralized by the optimistic narrator. But the authorities were furious and the movie shared the fate of "Harmony." A Has been moved to a punishment of the aforementioned Educational Film Studio in Lodz. There was more guarded, and until 1955 social realist movies filmed in such eloquent titles such as "Mechanization earthworks, "" The first fruits "or" centralized control of production process. " Nevertheless, as befits the eternal rebel, and those of production used to throw their two cents, if only by filming painting composed shots. Censorship of these films are certainly not stopped, but the bosses constantly criticized him for so. formalism. We should also mention one of his "transgression" - well in 1950 dared to make a very personal, sentimental impression Fri "My City" , which pays homage to the pre-war Krakow. This is the first Has the number of films whose main character are not really people, but the passage of time. Shown in him a longing for the period nieznającego socialist system was of course appropriately "rewarded" by the superiors of the author.

As you know, the situation was very relaxed when in the mid-50s was called. thaw. Teams, the first film, which debuts next allowed the young artists. Has finally able to return to the cinema, so I gave up the role of a documentary on his behalf. Full-length feature debut he made in 1957. It was a "Loop" , prose adaptation of Mark Hlasko . Screenplay co-written by director and writer of the opinion of some pierced literary archetype. Drama alcoholic Has turned to the drama of unfulfilled dreamer who is an alcoholic, if only on occasion. And the film itself at times closer to the works of Franz Kafka than the famous Pole. The contemporary film community was surprised by the quality of the film, because nobody would expect such a mature debut, though of course critics prokomunistyczni mingled with the mud image. Sam Hłasko was the director write a letter to Agnes Osiecka that this is the creator of very authentic and capable, and quite close to the heart niezoportuniały. "loop" with the time gained a reputation as one of the most pessimistic films in the history of Polish cinema. These studies of alienation, is a real formal masterpiece. And immediately cast his eyes almost postmodern blend of the aesthetic.

main character is dressed in a trench coat and a hat the type of cynical loser as alive, removed from the American film noir (though very mysterious and disturbing the start of work suggests that we dealing with black thriller). His apartment - naturally hasowska lumber-room - it looks like a work of a surrealist artist. Is full of peculiar props, from the strangely twisted figures adorning the walls of pictures, so dusty, that look as if they were just empty frames. Set design, chiaroscuro, and generally fun way filming his fate is reminiscent of German Expressionist art. The entire film is basically a loose continuation of "Harmony" - a long, lonely journey to discover the meaning of existence. Still wandering in the labyrinth of the city he meets another character from her past, which reminded him of how much the loser is the man. The hero is suspended somewhere between what was, what is, and the specter of death. My cinema, narrative film is a visual, it is always the starting point of literature. Working with time. Shortcuts time. Jumping at the time. Its lateral branches and the different layers. Painting is the space domain, the domain of literature and film - time. Playing with the time of the imagination the film consumers (...) the basic to me about the cinema - it's about the journey.

Has made his debut in the heyday of the famous Polish School , so often it is one of its representatives. But what it was connected with her, was almost entirely the duration of the first films made. During this trend was shooting often, actually every year, a result which until 1962 was up to six images. All of these titles is an intimate drama of existence, in which the author strongly stood out from the movement of political issues. Not interested in Polish history it there, but the history of individual units. And their potential is not urastały dramas ever to rank the national tragedy. Only two of these films appeared in the Nazi occupation, but in a way completely different from the authors' Canal "and" Eroica "(what a moment.) The remaining four films could arise equally well 20 years ago or even today. Well, maybe except for "Gold" , which is a poetic variation on the socialist realist cinema. Interestingly, in these films, the author - without sacrificing their typical lyricism - some moved away from the aesthetic and unusual concoction of these "loop." Nevertheless, and there was a place for the dreamlike fragments, derived from the art of magic realism. The best example of it will probably "Common Room" , the story of unfulfilled groups of artists from the period of interwar Inter. This is because in this kind of manners - and ultimately quite absurd - tale theme is the problem with some mysterious clock, which once in a while I stop going. And the only way to get it again set in motion, is reciting the poem at his magic: Time passes, time takes no time clock too afraid .

But back to 1957. "The Loop" was quite warmly received by audiences, worse by the then critics and badly by the authorities, who considered it a provocation and the solution was harmful to society. Although the film does not hit the shelf, but its distribution was quickly marginalized. Despite this moderate success, was the star performer of the role the main Gustav Holoubek, actor previously unknown. He quickly became also one of the darlings Hasa, appearing later in almost all of his film. Interestingly, after the audition was to hear from your Mieczyslaw Jahody that the role completely unsuitable because of its theatrical mannerisms. But the director had a different opinion, abandoning such with Zbigniew Cybulski , to whom he gave a chance until 5 years later. Theatre very much - especially literary, after all - Has images match. As he wrote Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz, making movies about cuts, the poses they take people to decorate their existences, to defend themselves, celebrate in some way upoetyzować. (...) His films have played out on the borderline unheard rafinady and absolute realism, are both court and Rococo, and gutters and brutal. Here in this strange interface, born Has characters - those resonating drunks and whores ladies manners, pathetic and wonderful kabotyni obsesjonaci.

Has hastily took to be another title, this time a novel adaptation Fri "Farewells" , which re-wrote the script with the original author, Stanislaw Dygutem . And as the "Loop", made significant changes to the literary original, the treated again as a starting point for a totally different story. Znowuż starting with changing the nature of the protagonist. The novel was This rebellious mocker, the film is broken dreamer, who would have wanted to rebel, but either do not have the courage, or it gets too late. This is the first image of a moving subject Has Great War, but very subtly, and even polemically to the typical representatives of the Polish School. The occupation is here because of a background, a pretext to say about something else. The story takes place on two levels of time - just before the outbreak of the war and shortly before its completion. This is what has happened between is completely omitted mention of this in only a few dialogues. Has not so much interested in the impact of war on their heroes, what the impact of time during which they had no contact with each other. It's full of understatements story of forbidden love, which is the second part of the film is turned upside down. "Farewell" - quite rightly defined by the user of a portal as a cross between "Rebel Without a Cause" and "Casablanca" - was released in 1958. I turned out to be one of the biggest successes of his career Hasa, both artistic and commercial use (this is what this film launched the hit Celebs Przybylska Fri "Remember Autumn was " ).

After the success of "farewell" the master does not slow down the pace, but at this time until it was reflected adversely on three consecutive titles that appear to be less or more stubs. Certainly the most successful is the first of them, (as usual loose) adaptation of the autobiographical novel by Zbigniew Uniłowskiego Fri "Common Room" . This time Has he wrote the screenplay. He continued portraying social outcasts here, moving in time to the 30s The main characters are young artists who live together in a room located in an old house, or their friends. The unemployed, students, writers and poets, starving, and dying chorujący. They form a circle of mutual adoration, it is encouraging, it is lying to. Wasting time in the pub at the endless intellectual discussion and chit-chat with ambitious dreams, almost without noticing how little they are doing to achieve them. "Common Room" seems to be a merciless satire, because demitologizuje prewar Warsaw, after all, proudly known as the Paris of the North ". Finally, it is next to the "Loop" and the resulting 20 years later "dull history , the most depressing picture in the works of Hasa. Unfortunately, it passed rather unnoticed, like the two successive images of his filmography.

Common Room - Common tragedies

Realized in 1960, an adaptation of the novella Hedwig Žilinská Fri "Separation, a sentimental comedy" is a film where the director seems a little wander. Though maybe some undecided is not his fault, but Žilinská, who wrote the screenplay. Maybe. This casual continuation of "goodbyes" and the announcement of some kind of championship "How to Be Loved" , is a bittersweet story about the actress who, after years of returns to his hometown on the occasion of a funeral. He returns to the pain to see that the time has not stopped there, and she can not again become a part of this place. All the magic vanished when the idealized memories collided with reality. Her story is told gently, but not necessarily pleasant. There is irony, it is grotesque, but it's hard to comedy, in which he seemed to excel Has. Also not entirely successful, but more interesting is the film "Gold" , 1961. It is interesting here is already the same context - in the early 60s Party secretaries began to demand the return of tracks from the filmmakers about the only right pronunciation. The effect of this was several produkcyjniaków, to which he put out his hand and Has. The thing is surprising, because this is one of the most uncompromising artists of Polish cinema. Perhaps he wanted to appeal to authority, as it did not get the permission to realize the newly written "dull history . Or maybe he simply wanted to experiment with film propaganda. Because the "Gold", is ultimately nothing less than more, as the formula for fun socialist realist cinema (custom scripted Bohdan Czeszko , author of the famous "Generations" but Has remade much of his text.) The main character is a lonely young man who flees from the consequences of a murder committed by accident. His desperate journey into the unknown leads him to a conglomerate, where he starts work. The work, which can certainly learn a lot about life. The climate of isolation and constant insecurity are contrasted with tending the myth of the working man. It's just that workers resemble urban intellectuals from another era - when working recite poems in the original French. Some scenes involve an aspect of surrealism, and the film is filled to the brim with password-beads in the style of If you want to love me, you better hurry . For this the role of a policeman appeared, though very ironic, the director himself. Well, it seems that it is one of the more peculiar produkcyjniaków in history.

definitely the closest to the Polish School in 1962-formed film "How to Be Loved" scenario Kazimierz Brandys on the basis of their own stories. Film, which - as a representative of the psychological and existential sect - many critics think the last film of the heyday of Polish cinema. It's just that there Has approaches to the standards of schools rather ironic, and sometimes even sarcastically. As he wrote Tadeusz Sobolewski, Although we are dealing with the contemporary narrative frame (it is the heroine's flight to Paris, with two changes), but it is just an excuse for the flashback placed before the war, during and after the war. However, both the choice of form and its use is associated with their past, marked by polemical position of director to the canon of Schools (...) Stressing individuality heroes, movies uwypuklały Has the same time - by means of style - distinct from the author. This was the purpose of both sets by (...) as well as artful narrative . Although in contrast to the "farewell" war is almost palpable here, it's also not a main topic of interest Hasa. Again turns out to be an excuse to tell the story of unrequited love. This time, in a way that the word brutal.

sister I'm lonely and widowed wife. If you ever write a memoir, it will give the title "From Ophelia to Felice, which is about how to be loved." main character is an actress named Felicia, utterly in love with a star-studded colleague from the theater. When comes the occupation, Ravich, because it is pink actor is called, is mistaken for a murderer volksdeutsch. Felicia decides help him and hides him in his apartment before the Gestapo. In order not to arouse any suspicions, he begins to act on the stage of the Nazi theater, which is considered kolaborantkę. He does everything to ensure that Rawicz was safe, but still feels unappreciated because he, instead of gratitude, it turns out her contempt. Because the apartment is not his salvation, but a prison (as Felicia can not understand.) The key scene of this thrilling film is a scene of a rape committed in the heroine searching for her apartment by the Nazis. Rape, during which Ravich, fearing for their lives, remains in hiding. Both characters are one of the most interesting in the School of Polish cinema. Felicia (played by the great Barbara Krafftówna , whose role has brought fame) is a modest woman, and was at the same time, and its drama is in opposition to the drama of the characters typical of this trend. It is also very strong and brave, but to the chosen one of his heart completely defenseless. Ravich (played by himself Cybulski) is in turn an extraordinary anti-hero. This insolent coward, a star that falls into the public free of myths. Forgotten by the world of megalomaniac, imprisoned by Felicia, also falls in the growing depression. In the same way, is worthy of contempt and pity.

most contentious standards of the Polish School fragment of this film is a scene that called Lublin mocking the famous scene from a replica of the lantern "Ashes and Diamonds Wajda . As he wrote about her Miroslaw Przylipiak : In knajpianej atmosphere, dense smoke, you can hear "Red Poppies" sung by a woman in a low, almost masculine voice. In the sitting room of the side wanted Ravich (...) and tells the story of his friend accidentally supposedly heroic feat of the occupation period. There are no lights from the alcohol, but the same is the song and - most importantly - the same hero, Zbigniew Cybulski, remembering the heroic past. So the remaining ingredients the same, but the emotional charge is completely different. Singing patriotic songs not fresh, innocent girl, but pretentiously dressed older lady with the appearance of "bajzelmamy. The song is not accompanied by zasłuchania atmosphere and focus, but the sound of cafes, murmur discussions. Above all, Zbigniew Cybulski is not ready to act conspirator, but the drunken buffoon. This Cybulski is unshaven, dirty, has grown fat. It tells the story of his alleged heroic feat as a third-rate actor, with exaggerated gestures. His pub audience listens to him with curiosity, unraveling from the chaff. What not so long ago was carrying a huge load of myth, turns into its opposite. Has film tells of a man for whom the heroic myth has become a trap. Unable to meet his demands, inadvertently made him clowning .

Cybulski years trying to break with the image he created a masterpiece Wajda, so when Has offered him a role in "How to Be Loved", from the place agreed. But he did not think it will be so exhausting experience and very much regretted. He said that playing Rawicz feel like trash, that I will never commit this mistake. But the film was a huge artistic success and turnout. Was appreciated also abroad, earning some prizes at several international festivals. So that the director will soon be able to boast the status of an independent artist from communist rule. Because this, his most famous "representatives", allowed a great deal. Has so immediately received the green light to start with another, this time a very expensive project. Film, which - not exaggerating - was a narrative and formal revolution on a global scale. Finally, the film, to participate in the Cybulski courted like never before.

PS: The text appeared here for two reasons. First, any day goes great restored version of "The Saragossa Manuscript" , and for months the same thing has come across as great "The Sandglass" . Secondly, recently dug a few articles I've written somewhere in 2009 for the (now defunct) website Netbird.pl. They were to be short and concise, so sure about the brevity of some titles. Text on Hasi some were extended. Other "figure" probably also here for some time arise.

PS # 2: Today was probably just a biography of Hasa, which I failed to get for now. Thus, certain moments of his life remain unknown to me, others obscure. At various places on the Internet you may come across conflicting information. Long-buried, but no not rule out that somewhere I made it a "blunder." I used mainly those sources where the information is repeated with many others. And above all, of these, in which the expressed themselves so. recognized personalities.